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Environment: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

Environment: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

You can always change your personal computer, mobile telephone, refrigerator, or any electrical or electronic gadget, but attention, while get rid of the old. thrown away is not disposed of electronic equipment that has reached obsolescence, for his decision. You can end the addition of waste electronic, creating problems for ecology in general and directly or indirectly for the people living there in the air, water and soil pollution

T, the electronics industry is faster and stronger growth in manufacturing world. Recent political changes in the India have led to an influx of multinational companies to build manufacturing facilities and electronics R & D centers for computers and software. Undoubtedly, this contributes to India's economy to grow faster and fueled increased rate of consumer electronics. Along with economic growth and the availability electronics market increased temptation for consumers to replace their electronic devices at home with new models for different reasons. The net effect is high rate of obsolescence, leading to more and more piles of electronic waste. The purpose of this paper is best to inform our readers about the different problems encountered in the production and management of electronic waste, particularly from the perspective of the Indians.

What is garbage e?

Electronic waste (e-waste) includes waste electronic and electrical appliances that do not conform to its originally intended use or reached the end of his life. You can include items such as computers, servers, CPUs, monitors, CDs, printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax machines, cellular phones cellular transceivers, televisions, medical equipment and electronic components as well as white goods such as refrigerators and air conditioners. E-waste contains materials such as copper, silver, gold and platinum that could be treated for recovery.

Is it hazardous e-waste?

E-residue is not dangerous in itself. However, the hazardous components present electronic waste dangerous when dismantled and processed, because only in this stage are health hazards and the environment.

Electronics and appliances appear effective and environmentally friendly, but there are hidden dangers associated with them once they become e-waste. The toxic substances in products electronics, along with the rapid pace at which we are replacing obsolete units, presenting a real danger to human health if not treated properly electronic before disposal.

electronics such as computers and cell phones contain a lot of different toxins. For example, ray tubes cathode ray (CRT) computer monitors contain heavy metals like lead, barium and cadmium, which can be very harmful to health if they enter the water system. These materials can damage the respiratory and nervous systems man. Fire-resistant plastic used in casings of electronic particles that can damage the Output endocrine rights. These are the kinds of things that can happen when unprocessed electronic waste is placed in landfills.

Stage

The Basel Action Network (BAN), which works to prevent the globalization of toxic chemicals, said in a report that 50-80 percent of electronic waste collected by the United States is exported to India, China, Pakistan, Taiwan and several African countries. This is made by cheap labor is available for the recycling of these countries. And the United States, the export of electronic waste is legal.

recycling electronic waste and the elimination of China, India and Pakistan are highly polluting. Recently, China has banned the import electronic waste. Export electronic waste in the United States is considered a lack of responsibility by the Federal Government, electronic industry, consumers, recyclers and local governments towards sustainable development and viable options for electronic waste disposal.

India, the recycling of electronic waste is almost entirely in the hands of the informal sector, which are not adequate to deal with increasing amounts or certain processes, resulting in an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment environment.

Dynamics of electronic waste

Telecommunications and information technologies are the most successful today not only in India but worldwide. Manufacturers Association of Information Technology (MAIT) has compiled the following statistics growth electronics and computers in India:

1. PC sales were more than 7.3 million units during 2007-08, a growth 16 per cent. There is an installed base of more than 25 million units.

Two. Consumer electronics market is growing at a rate of 13-15 percent annually. It has an installed base of 120 million TVs.

3. Number of cellular subscribers increased by 96.86 percent during 2007-08. Its installed base is estimated to cross 300 million in 2010.

and growth in the electronics industry, the rate of obsolescence has increased. People are removing gradual / replace their computers, communication and consumer electronics

equipment, including white goods and brown, as shown in Table II.

A study sponsored The recent MAIT-GTZ conducted by IMRB, e-waste generated in India in 2007 was approximately 332 979 tonnes, in addition of some 50,000 tonnes entering the country through imports. The reasons for the production of this large amount of electronic waste have been unprecedented growth IT industry in the last decade, and the obsolescence of the product before time due to continuous innovation. Therefore, the net effect is the loss of email become a waste stream the strongest growth. However, the total electronic waste available in 2007 for recycling and recovery was 144 143 tons. Of this total, only 19,000 tons of electronic waste can be treated.

The components of e-waste management

The main components of electronic waste are:

1. electronic waste collection, sorting and transport

Two. Recycling of electronic waste that involves dismantling, recovery of valuable resources, and unassembled parts export sales of processed waste for recovery precious metal parts involved, ie, people who can help overcome the challenges of electronic waste are:

1. Manufacturers

Two. User

3. Recyclers

4. Policymakers

E-waste concerns and challenges

1. Specifies no figures available from the rapidly growing volumes of electronic waste generated by the country imports

Two. Low level of awareness among producers and consumers of the dangers of improper disposal of electronic waste

3. There is no accurate estimate the amount of electronic waste generated and recycled in India

4. component of e-waste is generated by the informal (unorganized) sector, using rudimentary techniques such as acid leaching and open air burning, which causes serious environmental damage

5. waste workers e know little or no toxins in electronics waste and are exposed to health risks

6. At high risk operations impact recycling yard vulnerable social groups such as labor of women, children and immigrants

7. Inefficient recycling processes result in a loss significant and material resources

8. Cherry-picking by recyclers who recover precious metals (gold, platinum, silver, copper, etc) and remove the evil continues being, that pose environmental risks

9. No specific legislation on electronic waste today

Waste and initiatives State

The Department of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India responsible for environmental legislation and its control. The Central Control Pollution (CPCB), an autonomous body attached to the MEF plays an important role in the development of guidelines and advise on policy issues MEF environmental. Historically, in 2001, in cooperation with the MEF, the German Technology Cooperation (GTZ), has begun work on hazardous waste management in India through advisory services in environmental management. Since then, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA) began to implement its global "knowledge partnerships for e-waste recycling."

the combination of management knowledge and experience EMPA technique of e-waste associated with the field experience of projects in India and Germany in the management of hazardous waste in India e-waste initiative, Indo-Swiss-German born in 2004.

The vision of this initiative is to establish a clear channel waste is electronic:

1. collection and disposal practices for consumers, large and small to return all electronic waste safe from

Two. voluntary contribution system to the farmers concerned and modern look of your product beyond its useful life

3. The environment financially secure and socially responsible e-waste recycling viable

The objectives of the initiative are:

1. Reducing risks to the population and environmental pollution resulting from handling dangerous

Two. Focus on knowledge transfer and development the qualifications of all interested parties through training and seminars

3. Aimed primarily at enabling informal recyclers maximum force, but participation in any future security of e-waste management, facilitating their development and their integration in formal structures

The measures taken to date are:

1. Increased awareness:

• Three WEEE Care! Bangalore Initiative workshops supported by the Goethe-Institut

• National e-waste workshop in New Delhi, organized by the MEF

Two. Increased participation of stakeholders:

• Training Electronic Waste Agency (EWA) brings together industry, government and NGOs to work on a strategy for the sustainable management of electronic waste in Bangalore

• First National Workshop held electronic wastes, to define a perverse form

• First National Workshop on e-waste guidelines, organized by the MEF

3. Improved estimates e-waste:

• Rapid assessments of Delhi and Bangalore on the quantities produced, and identifying patches of electronic waste recycling hot

• Desk review at national level to assess the quantities of electronic waste

A national assessment of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) by MoEF / CPCB / WRI / GTZ lists most polluting states and ten cities India, as shown in Tables III and IV. The figure is taken from a presentation by Dr. Dilip Boralkar B. National Conference on e-waste, an Indo-German Swiss e-Waste Management Initiative in New Delhi on December 10, 2008.

The MAIT-GTZ study on electronic waste revealed that 94 percent of organizations surveyed has no policy on the disposal of obsolete IT. Although many respondents (200 enterprises and 400 families) were aware of electronic waste, which were missing in action.

Vinnie Mehta, MAIT Executive Director, in his presentation to the Conference National E-Waste Management (a Swiss-German and Indo-Waste Initiative)

listed the following laws which cover different aspects electronic waste:

1. Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 as amended in 2008 for toxic substances is content need to register to recyclers

Two. The municipal solid waste management and handling rules for the content of non-toxic

3. Agreement Basel to regulate the transboundary movement

4. foreign trade policy, which limits the import of second hand equipment and does not allow the importation electronic waste

5. Guidelines Central Pollution Control Board (2008)

The guidelines notified in April 2008 to identify and acknowledge:

1. Producer responsibility

Two. RoHS (restriction of hazardous substances)

3. Best Practices

4. Technology penetration for different levels of recycling

Mehta said that the guidelines mentioned specifically the need for a separate law enforcement responsibility. He said e-waste is "different" because it is an order consumption of waste as hazardous waste industry results of a separate process. The Environmental Protection Act provides specific provisions for waste with "different"-features Biomedical Waste (M & H) Rules, 1998, batteries (H & H) Rules 2001, etc.

On the subject of a separate legislation for e-waste, said that in his recent presentation to members of Parliament, stressed that the value chain of electronic waste is quite complex because involves multiple actors, producers, distributors, retailers, end users, the system of collection and recycling, while the hazardous waste stream makes the occupant / Generator and operator. The non-ferrous metal recovery and reprocessing of waste oils are the only two major activities in the recycling of hazardous waste while e-waste recycling involves renovation for reuse, disassembly and recovery of precious metal, which is a complex

process.

e-nam (EWA Bulletin of awareness and management) in September2008 issue has highlighted the latestactivities of the EWA, MAIT-GTZ and other stakeholders in the field of electronic waste. Extracts an article on electronic waste haspublished titled'Progress, but also slow "byMini Josheph Tejaswi. The experts cited in the articleare statementsof reproduced below

Lakshmi Raghupathy, Former Director of Ministry Management Forest and Environment and an expert on e-waste, said government regulations must be the sole responsibility of the producers throughout the life cycle-from manufacture to recycling of their products.

Nitin Gupta, CEO of Attero Recycling, said the companies should be extremely cautious and responsible, as it released its computers and devices unwanted storage.

Computer manufacturers in India are unlikely to be active in the management of electronic waste. "We work with all stakeholders in the management of electronic waste ecological system, "said S. Shankar, Director (Manufacturing and Supply Chain) at HP. The company has launched a three-pronged strategy: a partnership with e-waste recycling, aware individuals / corporate clients and work with non-governmental organizations, recyclers, collectors and disassembly.

Anne Cheung, a specialized executive of Dell, said that each manufacturer has an individual producer responsibility. "We left the house. We suitable for recycling in all countries like India. We believe that in Karnataka as well."

While companies say they take steps, many do not believe in making enough. "Things are very slow. Companies are not yet understood the importance of it, "Wilma said Rodrigues, a founding member of Saah, a development organization. Decisions on the management of waste," said, are always taken by young workers in organizations with senior executives do not even look. Almost all companies have a statement on its website e-management waste, but very few are doing anything. The country has twelve approved electronic waste, including e-recyclers and Ash Parisara Bangalore, Chennai and Tessam Eco-Reco Mumbai. Ramky Group launches country's largest integrated electronic waste facility Bangalore in collaboration with GTZ, while Attero is construction of a waste recycling plant in Uttar Pradesh electronic integrated.

DC Sharma, Vice Ramky Enviro Engineers has warned that the player must participate in the cherry picking, collecting, what we believe is worthwhile and leave out the dangerous elements. Ramky is also building a facility Transfer Storage Disposal (discharge) of hazardous waste bespet Dob in Tumkur road.

Finally, through better waste management electronic in the major cities of India, the e-waste accepted in the country will achieve improved environmental conditions. Furthermore, the conditions health of workers engaged in e-waste recycling sector will significantly improve the local level. As a general effect, the living conditions of the population surroundings better. The current systems of e-waste recycling and reuse of materials, mainly in the informal sector, will become transparent and workers and environmentally friendly methods. In the long term, the problem of electronic waste recycling bad disappear because of improved methods, application of a system recovery and examination of extended producer responsibility.

The exchange of experiences at national and international level, including the transfer knowledge is facilitated through various initiatives. Therefore, a platform for dialogue between Indian and European experts in the field of electronic waste created, opening the door for future industries and develop cooperative efforts to achieve technology and knowledge transfer.

Structure draft e-waste legislation

1. Title: E-Waste (Management and Handling) rules must be published under the Law on Environmental Protection

Two. Objective: To establish an effective mechanism to regulate the production

collection, storage, transport, import, export, recycling, environment,

treatment and disposal of electronic waste. This includes the renewal system collection and producer responsibility, reducing waste for disposal.

3. Essence: The electricity generator of electrical and electronic charge of the life cycle of its own branded products, including environmental management rational end of life and facilitate the collection and the curriculum vitae.

4. The liability of each element in the value chain of e-waste:

• Producers

• Distributors

• Collection agencies / collection centers

• dismantlers

• Recycling

• Fuel consumption and more

5. Authorisation procedure producers, collection agencies, dismantlers, recyclers and law enforcement agencies

6. Registration Procedure / Renewal of registration of recyclers

7. Regulations on the import of electronic waste

8. Disclaimer producers, agencies charge, carriers, disassembly and recycling

9. Information and monitoring

10. Elimination of hazardous substances used in electronic devices

11. Implementation of the authority responsible for ensuring transparency, control and inspect facilities, review the license or registration etc.

TABLE I

E toxic waste and body parts affected

Components

Constituents

Affected body parts

circuit boards

Lead and cadmium

nervous system, kidneys, lever

Motherboards

Beryllium

Lung, skin

Cathode ray tubes (CRT)

Lead oxide, barium and cadmium

Heart, lever, muscles

Switches and flat screen monitors

Mercury

Brain, skin

laptop batteries

Cadmium

Kidneys, lever

Capacitors and transformers

The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)

printed circuit boards, plastics

Brominated flame retardant cable boxes

Cable Insulation / coating

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

immune

Plastic case

Bromine

Endocrine

TABLE II

Rate throwing objects Electronics

Point

Discard / replace rate

Mobile

Ages 1-3

PC

Every two years

Camera

3-5 years

TV

10-15 years

Refrigerator

10-15 years

Washing machine

10-15 years

IT Accessories

Very fast

TABLE III

WEE Generation – Ten

State

WEE (Tons)

Maharashtra

20270.59

Tamil Nadu

13486.24

Andhra

12780.33

Uttar Pradesh

10381.11

West Bengal

10059.36

Delhi

9729.15

Karnataka

9118.74

Gujarat

8994.33

Madhya Pradesh

7800.62

Punjab

6958.46

TABLE IV

Generation WEE – Ten Cities

City

WEE (Tonnes)

Ahmedabad

3287.5

Bangalore

4648.4

Chennai

4132.2

Delhi

9730.3

Hyderabad

2833.5

Kolkata

4025.3

Mumbai

11017.1

Nagpur

1768.9

Poona

2584.2

Surat

1836.5

Copper Recovery from printed circuit board (Photo: EMPA)

"The law, like medicine, is an inexact science. We can not predict with certainty the result of many cases. It depends on the facts and circumstances and personal notions of the judge hearing the case. "

Supreme Court of India

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About the Author

Consumer VOICE was founded by teachers and students at the University of Delhi in the beginning of the academic year 1983-84. Till mid 1986, Consumer VOICE functioned as an unregistered voluntary consumer association.

On 28 June 1986, it was registered as a Public Charitable Trust with noted jurist, Justice (retd.) V.M. Tarkunde and Prof. P.K. Ghosh of the Delhi School of Economics as founder donors and Dr. Sri Ram Khanna and Mr Rajan Karanjawala as Trustees.

In 1988 the Dept of Company Affairs Govt. of India accorded recognition to Consumer VOICE under the MRTP Act. The trust has since been granted exemption under section 80-G of the Income Tax Act and, donations made to the Trust are exempt from Tax. However the organization does not accept donations from private enterprise in order to ensure objectivity, or from individuals except when the donor is genuinely committed to espouse the cause of consumer protection.

As one of its first consumer-rights initiative, VOICE filed a suit against the ‘Wills Made for Each Other’ tobacco campaign, as it was monopolistic and discriminated against consumers who did not smoke. VOICE also challenged television manufacturers which were selling colour television sets at a premium to consumers during the Asiad Games.

In 1997, VOICE started to publish Consumer VOICE, a bi-monthly magazine that focused on bringing consumers information on product performance. ‘Voltage Stabilisers’ were one of the first product tests to be published in Consumer VOICE magazine.

The publisher of Consumer VOICE magazine since 1999 it is currently working in close co-ordination with the Dept of Consumer Affairs, Govt of India, on a comparative product testing project. The project aims to test a wide range of products most commonly used by Indian consumers in NABL-accredited laboratories. The test results are then published in Consumer VOICE magazine.

 

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